1: Phytother Res. 2008 Dec;22(12):1587/94.
Induction of apoptosis by a synergistic lignan composition from Cedrus deodara in
human cancer cells.
Sharma PR, Shanmugavel M, Saxena AK, Qazi GN.
Division of Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research), Canal Road Jammu Tawi/180016, India.
prsharma2k1@rediffmail.com
AP9/cd, a synergistic lignan mixture from Cedrus deodara (Pinaceae) consisting of
(/)/wikstromal, (/)/matairesinol and dibenzyl butyrolactol, depicted cytotoxic
effects against numerous human cancer cell lines reported previously. The aim ofÂ
this study was to investigate the mechanism of cell death in human cancer cells.Â
The viability, morphological and ultrastructural changes in Molt/4 cells were
investigated. Using the trypan blue exclusion assay, we demonstrated that AP9/cdÂ
significantly reduced the viability of Molt/4 cells in a time/ and dose/dependent
manner. Apoptotic assays using light microscopy revealed that this agent inducedÂ
Molt/4 cell apoptosis at varied concentrations. The treatment causes a loss in
cell viability by activating the apoptotic process as identified by light and
electron microscopy. The morphological changes of intracellular organelles in
Molt/4 cells treated with 30 microg/ml of AP9/cd revealed the disruption of
mitochondrial cristae. Other features included the vacuolization, chromatin
condensation and formation of micronuclei. Surface ultrastructural studies of
four different tumor cell lines (Molt/4, HL/60, PC/3 and A/549) treated with
AP9/cd depicted loss of surface projections, condensation and formation of
apoptotic bodies. AP9/cd treatment to transgenic fruit fly, Drosophila, carryingÂ
human adenomatous polpyposis coli (hAPC) gene enhanced eye phenotypes and
therefore may inhibit Wnt/Wg pathway which is important in the aetiology of a
number of human cancers. (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PMID: 19067377 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
A novel lignan composition from Cedrus deodara induces apoptosis and early nitric
oxide generation in human leukemia Molt/4 and HL/60 cells. [Nitric Oxide. 2006]
PMID:16288976
Chemically standardized isolates from Cedrus deodara stem wood having anticancerÂ
activity. [Planta Med. 2007] PMID:17534788
The chemopreventive effects of Saussurea salicifolia through induction of
apoptosis and phase II detoxification enzyme. [Biol Pharm Bull. 2007]
PMID:18057725
Anticancer activity of an essential oil from Cymbopogon flexuosus. [Chem Biol
Interact. 2009] PMID:19121295
Tumor apoptosis induced by epoxide/containing piperazines, a new class of
anti/cancer agents. [Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2000] PMID:10663635
2: Parasitol Res. 2009 Feb;104(3):637/43. Epub 2008 Oct 31.
Evaluation of indigenous plant extracts against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatusÂ
Say (Diptera: Culicidae).
Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Vadivelu M, Zahir AA, Elango G, Pandiyan G.
Unit of Bioactive Natural Products, P.G & Research Department of Zoology, C.
Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509, Tamil Nadu, India.
abdulrahuman6@hotmail.com
This study investigates the larvicidal potential of indigenous plant extracts
from commonly used medicinal herbs as an environmentally safe measure to controlÂ
the filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). The early
fourth/instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus, reared in the laboratory, were usedÂ
for larvicidal assay with water, hot water, acetone, chloroform, and methanol
leaf, stem/bark, and flower extracts of Acacia arabica Willd. Sans, Cedrus
deodara Roxb, Hibiscus rosa/sinensis L., Mangifera indica L., Nerium indicum
Mill., Nicotiana tabacum Linn., Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, and Solanum nigrumÂ
Linn. All plant extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects after 24 h of
exposure at 1,000 ppm; however, the highest larval mortality was found in
stem/bark hot water, acetone, and methanol extracts of C. deodara (LC50 = 133.85,
141.60, and 95.19 ppm, LC90 = 583.14, 624.19, and 639.99 ppm) and leaf hot water,
acetone, methanol, and chloroform extracts of N. tabacum (LC50 = 76.27, 163.81,
83.38, and 105.85 ppm, LC90 = 334.72, 627.38, 709.51, and 524.39 ppm) against the
larvae of C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. This is an ideal ecofriendly
approach for the control of lymphatic filariasis vector, C. quinquefasciatus.
PMID: 18975001 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Efficacy of larvicidal botanical extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus Say
(Diptera: Culicidae). [Parasitol Res. 2009] PMID:19198882
Larvicidal potential of medicinal plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus
Grassi and Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). [Parasitol Res.
2009] PMID:19085005
Larvicidal activity of saponin from Achyranthes aspera against Aedes aegypti andÂ
Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). [Parasitol Res. 2008] PMID:18392726
Antifeedant and larvicidal effects of plant extracts against Spodoptera litura
(F.), Aedes aegypti L. and Culex quinquefasciatus Say. [Parasitol Res. 2008]
PMID:18437424
Larvicidal efficacy of five cucurbitaceous plant leaf extracts against mosquito
species. [Parasitol Res. 2008] PMID:18340464
3: Med Mycol. 2009 Mar;47(2):177/84. Epub 2008 Jul 24.
Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii from trunk hollows
of living trees in Buenos Aires City, Argentina.
Refojo N, Perrotta D, Brudny M, Abrantes R, Hevia AI, Davel G.
Departamento Micologia, INEI, ANLIS "Dr. C. G. Malbran", Ciudad Autonoma de
Buenos Aires, Argentina. nrefojo@anlis.gov.ar
The aim of this work was to describe the distribution of the members of the
Cryptococcus species complex (Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii) in hollows
of trees from seven parks in Buenos Aires City, to determine the serotypes and
genotypes of these environmental isolates and to compare them with the ones
reported in the 2001 survey. Four hundred and eighty nine samples were collectedÂ
by swabbing all trees which had hollows or fissures in the seven parks studied.
Each tree was sampled once during the study period and one or more isolates wereÂ
recovered from each swab. Eight isolates of C. neoformans and 18 isolates of C.
gattii were recovered from 15 out of 489 tree samples. C. neoformans was isolated
from Tipuana tipu, Eucalyptus spp., and Phoenix sp. All isolates were serotype AÂ
and belonged to genotype VNI. C. gattii was isolated from Tipuana tipu, Cedrus
deodara, Eucalyptus spp., Acacia visca, Cupresus sempervirens and Ulmus
campestrus. All isolates were serotype B and genotype VGI, like both C. gattii
strains isolated in 2001. On two occasions, both species were isolated from the
same tree sample. These results reinforce and extend our previous findings
especially about the presence of C. gattii serotype B, genotype VGI, in
Argentina.
PMID: 18654914 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Distribution of Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans in decayed trunkÂ
wood of Syzygium cumini trees in north/western India. [Med Mycol. 2006]
PMID:17071556
[1st environmental isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in Argentina]
[Rev Argent Microbiol. 2003] PMID:12920995
Isolation of Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii from the
flowers and bark of Eucalyptus trees in India. [Med Mycol. 2005] PMID:16323312
The expanding host tree species spectrum of Cryptococcus gattii and CryptococcusÂ
neoformans and their isolations from surrounding soil in India. [Med Mycol. 2008]
PMID:18608895
Ecological niche of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii
in decaying wood of trunk hollows of living trees in Jabalpur City of Central
India. [Mycopathologia. 2007] PMID:17661160
4: J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008 Feb 1;862(1/2):237/41.
Epub 2007 Dec 28.
Simultaneous high/performance liquid chromatographic determination of Cedrus
deodara active constituents and their pharmacokinetic profile in mice.
Sachin BS, Koul M, Zutshi A, Singh SK, Tikoo AK, Tikoo MK, Saxena AK, Sharma SC,Â
Johri RK.
Division of Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (Formerly
Regional Research Laboratory), CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180001, India.
A specific and sensitive high/performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method
with photodiode/array (PDA) ultraviolet detection was developed for the
simultaneous determination of three bioactive constituents of Cedrus deodara
namely wikstromol, matairesinol and dibenzylbutyrolactol in mouse plasma. In
solid/phase extraction (SPE) these constituents were successfully separated using
a C18 column by isocratic elution using acetonitrile:water containing
hexanesulphonic acid, 32:68 (v/v). The flow rate was set at 1ml/min and detectorÂ
wavelength at 225nm. Good linearity (r2>0.999) was observed over the studied
range of 0.015/5.0microg/ml for wikstromol and 0.030/5.0microg/ml for
matairesinol and dibenzylbutyrolactol. The CV values of intra/day precision for
wikstromol, matairesinol and dibenzylbutyrolactol were in between 1.8/6.9,
1.7/4.9 and 1.6/4.2% and values of inter/day precision were in between 10.4/12.2,
9.7/11 and 10/11.2%, respectively. The extraction recoveries at low to high
concentration were greater than 98, 83 and 87% for each analyte, respectively.
The LOQ for wikstromol was 0.015microg/ml and for both matairesinol and
dibenzylbutyrolactol it was 0.030microg/ml. The developed method was used to
determine the pharmacokinetics of the three analytes in mice after
intraperitoneal administration of CD/3.
PMID: 18191624 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
High/performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination ofÂ
hawthorn active components in rat plasma. [J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001]Â
PMID:11530981
High/performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination and
pharmacokinetic study of oxypeucedanin hydrate and byak/angelicin after oral
administration of Angelica dahurica extracts in mongrel dog plasma. [J Pharm
Biomed Anal. 2007] PMID:17344014
High/performance liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of Aloe
Emodin in mouse plasma. [J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003]
PMID:14552822
Simultaneous determination of rifampicin and sulbactam in mouse plasma by
high/performance liquid chromatography. [Biomed Chromatogr. 2006] PMID:16252264
Simultaneous determination of six major stilbenes and flavonoids in Smilax chinaÂ
by high performance liquid chromatography. [J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007]
PMID:17475435
5: Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2007 Mar;18(3):487/92.
[Physico/chemical characteristics of ambient particles settling upon leaf surface
of six conifers in Beijing]
[Article in ]
Wang L, Hasi E, Liu LY, Gao SY.
College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing
100037, China. wl@ires.cn
The study on the density of ambient particles settling upon the leaf surface of
six conifers in Beijing, the micro/configurations of the leaf surface, and the
mineral and element compositions of the particles showed that at the same sites
and for the same tree species, the density of the particles settling upon leaf
surface increased with increasing ambient pollution, but for various tree
species, it differed significantly, with the sequence of Sabina chinensis and
Platycladus orientalis > Cedrus deodara and Pinus bungeana > P. tabulaeformis and
Picea koraiensis. Due to the effects of road dust, low height leaf had a larger
density of particles. The density of the particles was smaller in summer than inÂ
winter because of the rainfall and new leaf growth. The larger the roughness of
leaf surface, the larger density of the particles was. In the particles, the
overall content of SiO2, CaCO3, CaMg(CO3,), NaCl, 2CaSO4 . H2O, CaSO4 . 2H2O andÂ
Fe2O3 was about 10%/30%, and the main minerals were montmorillonite, illite,
kaolinite and feldspar. The total content of 21 test elements in the particles
reached 16%/37%, among which, Ca, Al, Fe, Mg, K, Na and S occupied 97% or more,
while the others were very few and less affected by sampling sites and tree
species.
PMID: 17552180 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Physicochemical characteristics of ambient particles settling upon leaf surfacesÂ
of urban plants in Beijing. [J Environ Sci (China). 2006] PMID:17278748
[Dust absorption effect of urban conifers in northeast China] [Ying Yong Sheng
Tai Xue Bao. 2003] PMID:15031898
[Atmospheric particle/retaining capability of eleven garden plant species in
Beijing] [Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2006] PMID:16836085
[Concentrations of metallic elements, N and S in Sabina chinensis cv. pyramidalis
leaves along urban/rural roadways of Nanjing city] [Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao.Â
2005] PMID:16110674
[Characteristics of mineral component in ambient PM2.5 in Beijing] [Huan Jing KeÂ
Xue. 2004] PMID:15623017
6: Planta Med. 2007 Jun;73(6):519/26. Epub 2007 May 30.
Chemically standardized isolates from Cedrus deodara stem wood having anticancerÂ
activity.
Singh SK, Shanmugavel M, Kampasi H, Singh R, Mondhe DM, Rao JM, Adwankar MK,
Saxena AK, Qazi GN.
Pharmacology Division, Regional Research Laboratory (Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research), Jammu Tawi, India. shashankksingh@gmail.com
An isolate "CD lignan mixture" comprising lignans from stem wood of Cedrus
deodara consisted of (/)/wikstromal (75 / 79%), (/)/matairesinol (9 / 13%) and
benzylbutyrolactol (7 / 11%) and was studied for its in vitro cytotoxicity
against human cancer cell lines. The in vivo anticancer activity of CD lignan
mixture was studied using Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and colon carcinoma (CA/51)
models in mice. Its effect was also studied on annexin V binding, intracellular
caspases and DNA fragmentation to gain insight into the mode of action. In vitroÂ
cytotoxicity studies showed significant dose/dependent effects against several
cancer cell lines from different tissues such as breast, cervix, neuroblastoma,
colon, liver, and prostate at 10, 30 and 100 microg/mL. The IC (50) values varied
from 16.4 ng/mL to 116.03 microg/mL depending on the cell line. Comparative dataÂ
of IC (50) values of CD lignan mixture showed a synergistic effect in comparisonÂ
to the individual molecules, i. e., (/)/matairesinol, (/)/wikstromol present in
CD lignan mixture . CD lignan mixture had the most pronounced effect on CNS cellÂ
lines followed by colon. The tumor regression observed with Ehrlich ascites
carcinoma and CA/51 was 53% and approximately 54%, respectively, when CD lignan
mixture was given at 300 mg/kg, I. P. for nine days in the Ehrlich ascites
carcinoma model and 400 mg/kg, I. P. for the same period in the CA/51 model. It
was comparable with 5/fluorouracil at 22 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, respectively. CD
lignan mixture at 10, 30 and 100 microg/mL increased the percentage of annexin VÂ
positive HL/60 cells to 1.9 / 17.18% as compared to control (1.04%). In K562
cells CD lignan mixture at 10, 30 or 100 microg/mL and staurosporine (1 microM)
showed 9.13%, 11.38%, 17.22% and 28.07% intracellular caspases activation,
respectively. A distinct DNA laddering pattern was observed for treatment with
the CD lignan mixture in HL/60, K562 (30 microg/mL and 100 microg/mL) and MOLT/4Â
cells (30 microg/mL) after 24 h incubation. DNA cell cycle analysis indicated
that CD lignan mixture at 10, 30 and 100 microg/mL increased the content of
hypodiploid (sub G(1) phase) cells when compared to control (2.55, 5.4 and 6.25%Â
vs. 0.27%). The present study indicates that CD lignan mixture has cytotoxic
potential against human cancer cell lines. It has the ability to induce tumor
regression in vivo. It induces apoptosis as indicated by annexin V positive
cells, induction of intracellular caspases, DNA fragmentation and DNA cell cycleÂ
analysis.
PMID: 17534788 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
A novel lignan composition from Cedrus deodara induces apoptosis and early nitric
oxide generation in human leukemia Molt/4 and HL/60 cells. [Nitric Oxide. 2006]
PMID:16288976
Induction of apoptosis by a synergistic lignan composition from Cedrus deodara in
human cancer cells. [Phytother Res. 2008] PMID:19067377
The cytotoxic effect and the multidrug resistance reversing action of lignans
from Phyllanthus amarus. [Planta Med. 2006] PMID:17054045
PC/SPES inhibits colon cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. [Cancer Res. 2002]
PMID:12234985
New cytotoxic tetrahydrofuran/ and dihydrofuran/type lignans from the stem of
Beilschmiedia tsangii. [Planta Med. 2006] PMID:16557477
7: Parasitol Res. 2007 Feb;100(3):575/9. Epub 2006 Sep 30.
In vitro screening of medicinal plant extracts for macrofilaricidal activity.
Nisha M, Kalyanasundaram M, Paily KP, Abidha, Vanamail P, Balaraman K.
Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR), Indira Nagar, Pondicherry, 605006, India.Â
nishamathew@yahoo.com
Methanolic extracts of 20 medicinal plants were screened at 1/10 mg/ml for in
vitro macrofilaricidal activity by worm motility assay against adult Setaria
digitata, the cattle filarial worm. Four plant extracts showed macrofilaricidal
activity by worm motility at concentrations below 4 mg/ml and an incubation
period of 100 min. Complete inhibition of worm motility and subsequent mortalityÂ
was observed at 3, 2, 1 and 1 mg/ml, respectively, for Centratherum
anthelminticum, Cedrus deodara, Sphaeranthus indicus and Ricinus communis.
3/[4,5/dimethylthiazol/2/yl]/2,5/diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction
assay was carried out at 1 mg ml(/1) and 4/h incubation period, and the results
showed that C. deodara, R. communis, S. indicus and C. anthelminticum exhibited
86.56, 72.39, 61.20 and 43.15% inhibition respectively in formazan formation
compared to the control.
PMID: 17013649 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Antifilarial lead molecules isolated from Trachyspermum ammi. [Molecules. 2008]
PMID:18830147
Potential antifilarial activity of the leaves and seeds extracts of Psoralea
corylifolia on cattle filarial parasite Setaria cervi. [J Ethnopharmacol. 2002]
PMID:12169401
In vitro effects of Cucurbita moschata seed extracts on Haemonchus contortus.
[Vet Parasitol. 2009] PMID:19135803
In vitro screening of two Nigerian medicinal plants (Vernonia amygdalina and
Annona senegalensis) for anthelmintic activity. [Vet Parasitol. 2003]
PMID:12651218
Potential antifilarial activity of roots of Asparagus adscendens Roxb, against
Setaria cervi in vitro. [Indian J Exp Biol. 1997] PMID:9315227
8: Environ Pollut. 2006 Nov;144(2):510/5. Epub 2006 Mar 20.
Atmospheric PCDD/F and PCB levels implicated by pine (Cedrus deodara) needles atÂ
Dalian, China.
Chen J, Zhao H, Gao L, Henkelmann B, Schramm KW.
Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of
Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China. jwchen@dlut.edu.cn
Dalian is a seaside city situated in the northeastern monsoon area of China. ForÂ
the first time, levels of PCDD/F and PCB congeners in pine (Cedrus deodara)
needles of Dalian urban areas were investigated. Two sampling campaigns with 17
sampling points were performed in 2002. The summation of tetra/ to
octachlorinated PCDD/Fs and summation of 209 PCB congeners in Dalian pine needles
averaged 127+//40 ng/kg (dry) and 4389+//1575 ng/kg (dry), respectively. AverageÂ
toxic equivalence (TEQ) for PCDD/Fs and PCBs are 2.1 and 0.4 ng/kg (dry),
respectively. The pine needles can differentiate spatial variation of the
pollutants. The PCDD/F and PCB levels in Dalian pine needles are low or
comparable with other international regions that were not impacted by evident
point sources. The data can serve as a base for long/term spatial and temporal
studies of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in China.
PMID: 16545895 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Temporal trends and spatial distribution of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB in pine and
spruce shoots. [Chemosphere. 2007] PMID:17222447
Measurement of atmospheric PCDD/F and PCB distributions in the vicinity area of
Waelz plant during different operating stages. [Sci Total Environ. 2008]
PMID:18063014
Air concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs using active and passive air
samplers. [Chemosphere. 2008] PMID:17850842
PCDD/Fs and PCBs in butter samples from new European Union member states and a
candidate country: analytical quality control, results and certain PCB/specific
aspects. [Chemosphere. 2007] PMID:17307217
PCB levels and congener patterns from Korean municipal waste incinerator stack
emissions. [Chemosphere. 2002] PMID:12375867
9: Environ Monit Assess. 2005 Dec;111(1/3):75/88.
Higher plants as bioindicators of sulphur dioxide emissions in urban
environments.
Hijano CF, DomÃnguez MD, GimÃnez RG, SÃnchez PH, GarcÃa IS.
Departamento de GeografÃa, Facultad de FilosofÃa y Letras, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
The evaluation of certain vascular plants that grow in the city of Madrid as
biomonitors of SO(2) air pollution in urban environments has been carried out.
Total concentration of sulphur in leaves of the chosen higher plants as well as
other parameters in close relation to this contaminant (visible injury symptoms,Â
chlorophyll a/ and b/content and peroxidase activity) have been determined in
order to study the spatial distribution and temporal changes in SO(2) deposition.
Results obtained show that coniferous species such as Pinus pinea, were more
sensitive to SO(2) atmospheric concentration than leafy species as Quercux ilex
subspecies ballota and, in the same way, bush species, such as Pyracantha
coccinea and Nerium oleander, were more sensitive than wooded species, such as
Cedrus deodara and Pinus pinea, respectively. There is a higher accumulation of
sulphur in vegetable species located near highways and dense traffic incidence
roads and near areas with high density of population. The minimum values for
accumulation of SO(2) were registered in winter and spring seasons (from JanuaryÂ
to April) due to the vegetative stop; while maximum values are obtained during
the summer season (from June to September), due to the stoma opening. The highest
increments in sulphur concentration, calculated as the difference between two
consecutive months, are obtained in May and June for all considered species
except for Cedrus deodara and Pyracantha coccinea, both species have few seasonal
changes during the whole year. Some species are more sensitive to natural washing
than others, showing a decrease in sulphur concentration after rainfall periods.
PMID: 16311823 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Sensitivity analyses of woody species exposed to air pollution based on
ecophysiological measurements. [Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2004] PMID:15259699
Difference in sulphur accumulation in eleven tropical tree species growing in
polluted environs. [Indian J Environ Health. 2002] PMID:14503379
An assessment on variation of sulphur dioxide and particulate matter in Erzurum
(Turkey). [Environ Monit Assess. 2005] PMID:15931981
Spatio/temporal variations of sulphur dioxide patterns with wind conditions in
central Taiwan. [Environ Monit Assess. 2001] PMID:11214449
[Influences of pine needles physiological properties on the PAH accumulation]
[Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2008] PMID:18828394
10: Nitric Oxide. 2006 Feb;14(1):72/88. Epub 2005 Nov 8.
A novel lignan composition from Cedrus deodara induces apoptosis and early nitric
oxide generation in human leukemia Molt/4 and HL/60 cells.
Shashi B, Jaswant S, Madhusudana RJ, Kumar SA, Nabi QG.
Division of Pharmacology, Regional Research Laboratory (Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research), Jammu Tawi, India.
AP9/cd, a standardized lignan composition from Cedrus deodara consisting of
(/)/wikstromal, (/)/matairesinol, and dibenzyl butyrolactol, showed cytotoxicityÂ
in several human cancer cell lines reported earlier. An attempt was made in thisÂ
study to investigate the mechanism of cell death in human leukemia Molt/4 and
HL/60 cells. It inhibited Molt/4 cell proliferation with 48/h IC(50) of
approximately 15 microg/ml, increased sub/G0 cell fraction with no mitotic block,
produced apoptotic bodies and induced DNA ladder formation. Flow cytometric
analysis of annexinV/FITC/PI/stained cells showed time/related increase in
apoptosis and post/apoptotic necrosis. All these biological end/points indicatedÂ
cell death by apoptosis. Further, initial events involved massive nitric oxide
(NO) formation within 4 h with subsequent late appearance of peroxides in cells;Â
measured by flow cytometry using specific fluorescent probes. Persistently high
levels of NO and peroxide appeared to decrease mitochondrial membrane potential
(Psi(mt)) which was recovered by cyclosporin A in Molt/4 cells. AP9/cd caused
2/fold activation of caspase/3 in Molt/4 and 5/fold activation in HL/60 cells.
Also caspases/8 and /9 were activated in HL/60 cells. Ascorbate suppressed the
enhanced caspases activities indicating a pro/oxidant effect of AP9/cd. Further,Â
caspase/3 activation correlated with NO generation that was partially impaired by
nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors and ascorbate suggesting a role of
pro/oxidant species in caspase/3 activation. AP9/cd produced no cytotoxicity in
primary rat hepatocyte culture at the concentrations used. The studies indicatedÂ
that AP9/cd mediated early NO formation leads to caspases activation, peroxide
generation, and mitochondrial depolarization which may be responsible for
mitochondrial/dependent and /independent apoptotic pathways involved in the
killing of leukemia cells by AP9/cd.
PMID: 16288976 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Induction of apoptosis by a synergistic lignan composition from Cedrus deodara in
human cancer cells. [Phytother Res. 2008] PMID:19067377
Chemically standardized isolates from Cedrus deodara stem wood having anticancerÂ
activity. [Planta Med. 2007] PMID:17534788
A triterpenediol from Boswellia serrata induces apoptosis through both the
intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in human leukemia HL/60 cells.
[Apoptosis. 2007] PMID:17636381
Subcellular localization of caspase/3 activation correlates with changes in
apoptotic morphology in MOLT/4 leukemia cells exposed to X/ray irradiation. [IntÂ
J Oncol. 2005] PMID:16077919
Effects of 1, 6/Bis[4/(4/amino/3/hydroxyphenoxy)phenyl]diamantane (DPD), a
reactive oxygen species and apoptosis inducing agent, on human leukemia cells inÂ
vitro and in vivo. [Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005] PMID:15589971
11: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2005 Jun/Sep;23(2/3):69/78.
Clinico/immunologic evaluation of allergy to Himalayan tree pollen in atopic
subjects in India//a new record.
Bist A, Kumar L, Roy I, Ravindran P, Gaurs SN, Singh AB.
Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Delhi,
India.
Exposure to local pollen allergens has a direct bearing on the prevalence of
allergic symptoms among the inhabiting atopic population. The populations in theÂ
Himalayas and around it are exposed to a variety of pollen grains from trees
growing in the region, but the pollen/population interaction has not been
clinically investigated. Himalayan tree pollen from five different taxa, i.e.
Alnus nitida (AN), Betula utilis (BU), Cedrus deodara (CD), Mallotus phillipensis
(MP) and Quercus incana (QI) were evaluated for their allergenicity in the Indian
population by in vivo (skin prick test) and in vitro (ELISA)
clinico/immunological methods. The presence of specific IgE against these tree
pollen in the sera of skin test positive patients was taken as evidence for
sensitization to these pollen. The average skin positivity in atopic populationsÂ
recorded at different allergy centers in India varied from 2.2% against AN, to
4.7% against MP pollen. Significantly raised specific IgE against these pollen
were observed in the sera of hypersensitive patients. The sensitization pattern
to Himalayan tree pollen in these atopic populations varied. It was concluded
that skin prick test positivity and raised IgE antibodies specific to AN, BU, CD,
MP and QI established Himalayan tree pollen as important sensitizers in the
atopic populations of India. A high incidence of skin sensitivity was observed to
pollen antigens of Cedrus deodara, Mallotus phillipensis and Quercus incana in
patients of Chandigarh residing in the hills and foothills of the Himalayas while
Alnus nitida, Betula utilis and Cedrus deodara were important sensitizers in
Delhi patients. The skin sensitization pattern against these pollen was in
accordance with the level of exposure to these pollen of the subjects residing in
that part of the country.
PMID: 16252835 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Assessment of allergenicity to Mallotus phillipensis pollen in atopic patients in
India: a new allergen. [J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2004] PMID:15552713
Clinical and immunologic evaluation of Cedrus deodara pollen: a new allergen from
India. [Allergy. 2000] PMID:10921460
Immunological activity of recombinant Ole e 1 in patients with Olea europaea
pollinosis. [Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2000] PMID:10878488
Clinical efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy with tree pollen extract
in children. [Allergy. 2006] PMID:16942565
Immunoglobulin G4/antibodies to rBet v 1 and risk of sensitization and atopic
disease in the child. [Clin Exp Allergy. 2005] PMID:16393319
12: Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2004 May;46(4):470/7.
Effect of herbal molluscicides and their combinations on the reproduction of theÂ
snail Lymnaea acuminata.
Singh A, Singh DK.
Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, India.
Effects of sublethal treatment (20 and 60% of LC50/24 h) of the plant/derived
molluscicides Annona squamosa Linn. and Lawsonia inermis Linn. and their
combinations with other herbal molluscicides, such as Cedrus deodara Roxb,
Azadirachta indica A. Juss, bulb powder of Allium sativum Linn. and Polianthes
tuberosa Linn., and oleoresin of Zingiber officinale Rosc., and acetogenins
extracted from the seeds of A. squamosa Linn., on the reproduction of the snail
Lymnaea acuminata have been studied. It was observed that the plant/derived
molluscicides singly and in binary combinations with other herbal molluscicides
and the extracted acetogenins caused a significant reduction in the fecundity,
hatchability, and survival of young snails. Withdrawal of the snails to fresh
water after the above treatment caused a significant recovery in the fecundity of
the snail Lymnaea acuminata. Twenty/four/hour sublethal treatment with the
acetogenins caused a maximum reduction in the protein, amino acid, DNA, and RNA
in the ovotestis of treated Lymnaea acuminata.
PMID: 15253044 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Effect of different combinations of MGK/264 or piperonyl butoxide with
plant/derived molluscicides on snail reproduction. [Arch Environ Contam Toxicol.Â
2000] PMID:10629280
Effect of binary combination of some plant/derived molluscicides with MGK/264 orÂ
piperonyl butoxide on the reproduction of the snail Lymnaea acuminata. [Pest
Manag Sci. 2005] PMID:15619718
Molluscicidal activity of Lawsonia inermis and its binary and tertiary
combinations with other plant derived molluscicides. [Indian J Exp Biol. 2001]
PMID:11495286
Effect of single and binary combinations of plant/derived molluscicides on
reproduction and survival of the snail Achatina fulica. [Arch Environ Contam
Toxicol. 2000] PMID:11031309
Combinations of Azadirachta indica and Cedrus deodara oil with piperonyl
butoxide, MGK/264 and Embelia ribes against Lymnaea acuminata. [Chemosphere.
2001] PMID:11534900
13: J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2004 Mar;51(2):79/84.
Effects of sarcoptic mange and its control with oil of Cedrus deodara, Pongamia
glabra, Jatropha curcas and benzyl benzoate, both with and without ascorbic acidÂ
on growing sheep: assessment of weight gain, liver function, nutrient
digestibility, wool production and meat quality.
Dimri U, Sharma MC.
Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar/243 122,
UP, India. udimri@ivri.up.nic.in
The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of commonly used
acaricidal drugs in India and also to assess the effect of ascorbic acid as
adjunct therapy in 72 growing sheep with sarcoptic mange, aged 5/6 months and
weighing 20.4/31.7 kg. Eight replicates of nine animals were formed based on sex,
and day 0 body weight. Drugs were applied locally on the affected parts daily and
recovery changes in skin lesions were observed at the time of every application.Â
L/ascorbic acid was administered intramuscularly. Skin scrapings were collected
daily from each group and examined for the presence of mites. Body weights were
measured every 10th day from day 0 to 60. Nutrient digestiblity was evaluated byÂ
studying digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract,
crude fibre, nitrogen free extract, total carbohydrates and nutrient balance
(nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus) for a 30/day period. The liver function was
evaluated by bromosulphophthalein (BSP) dye retention time. The animals were
shorn on day 60 post/treatment (PT). Meat quality assesment was carried out by
killing sheep at 60 days PT and estimating pH, water/holding capacity (WHC),
tenderness, muscle colour, rib eye area and fat thickness. The lambs treated with
oil of Jatropha curcas ascorbic acid had significantly (P < 0.05) greater mean
daily body weight gains (63.29 g) than the infected untreated control (41.10 g).Â
This was also higher than the mean daily weight gain in other treated groups.
Infected untreated sheep showed significantly (P < 0.01) reduced digestibility
coefficients for dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract and totalÂ
carbohydrate, but no significant differences for nitrogen/free extract. Treated
sheep had significantly higher positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balances
compared with infested untreated sheep. Oil of J. curcas plus ascorbic acid
(OJC/AA) treated group was better over all other treated groups with respect to
nutrient digestibility. The BSP test revealed significant (P < 0.05) increase inÂ
BSP retention time in sheep with sarcoptic mange. Post /treatment, the BSP
retention time decreased in all treated groups and the decrease was maximum in
OJC/AA treated group. The carcasses of sheep treated with OJC/AA had
significantly (P < 0.01) higher water holding capacity, rib eye area and back fat
thickness than the untreated infected control group. The muscle pH and tenderness
values were significantly lower in OJC/AA treated group post/slaughter than
infested untreated control group. Muscle colour of OJC/AA treated group was
maximum bright red. The lambs treated with OJC/AA had significantly (P < 0.05)
greater clean fleece weight and fleece yield than the untreated infected group.
It is concluded that OJC was the better therapy for sarcoptic mange of sheep andÂ
ascorbic acid as adjunct therapy is advisable. OJC/AA therapy may be better fromÂ
the point of view of improving two most important production parameters in sheep,
that is, wool yield and meat production.
PMID: 15153077 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Effects of sarcoptic mange and its control with oil of Cedrus deodara, Pongamia
glabra, Jatropha curcas and benzyl benzoate, both with and without ascorbic acidÂ
on growing sheep: epidemiology; assessment of clinical, haematological,
cell/mediated humoral immune responses and pathology. [J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol
Clin Med. 2004] PMID:15153076
Effects of psoroptes ovis infection and its control with an ivermectin
controlled/release capsule on growing sheep. 1. Evaluation of weight gain, feed
consumption and carcass value. [Vet Parasitol. 2000] PMID:10889363
Effects of Psoroptes ovis infection and its control with an ivermectin
controlled/release capsule on growing sheep. 2. Evaluation of wool production and
leather value. [Vet Parasitol. 2000] PMID:10889364
Productivity effects of bovine mange and control with ivermectin. [Vet Parasitol.
2003] PMID:12809753
Efficacy of moxidectin against sarcoptic mange and effects on milk yield of ewesÂ
and growth of lambs. [Vet Parasitol. 2000] PMID:10622612
14: J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2004 Mar;51(2):71/8.
Effects of sarcoptic mange and its control with oil of Cedrus deodara, Pongamia
glabra, Jatropha curcas and benzyl benzoate, both with and without ascorbic acidÂ
on growing sheep: epidemiology; assessment of clinical, haematological,
cell/mediated humoral immune responses and pathology.
Dimri U, Sharma MC.
Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, UP,
India. udimri@ivri.up.nic.in
The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of commonly used
acaricidal drugs in India and also to assess the effect of ascorbic acid (AA) asÂ
adjunct therapy in 72 growing sheep with sarcoptic mange, aged 5/6 months and
weighing 20.4/31.7 kg. Eight replicates of nine animals were formed based on sex,
and day 0 body weight. Another set of 12 healthy sheep (5/6 months old)
constituted the healthy control group. Drugs were applied locally on the affected
parts daily and recovery changes in skin lesions were observed at the time of
every application. L/Ascorbic acid was administered intramuscularly. Skin
scrapings were collected daily from each group and examined for the presence of
mites. Blood samples from each group were collected and analysed for total
erythrocytes, leucocytes, haematocrit, haemoglobin and lymphocytes on 0, 14th and
28th day post/treatment (PT). Cell/mediated (CMI) and humoral immune (HI)
responses were assessed on 0 and 28 days PT. Within groups treated with the drugÂ
alone, recovery in oil of Jatropha curcas group was faster and lesions were freeÂ
from mites after the eighth application. For each drug, the recovery was faster
with AA as an adjunct therapy when compared with the group treated with the drugÂ
alone. Within all groups, recovery in oil of J. curcas plus ascorbic acid
(OJC/AA) group was fastest and the lesions were mite/free after three
applications. The overall mean values were higher for all haematological
parameters in OJC/AA group. Recovery with respect to suppressed CMI and HI
responses during infection was also faster in this group. Gross and microscopic
pathological studies revealed a marked adverse effect of infection on skin,
kidney, spleen and liver. The OJC/AA group indicated faster recovery. It is
concluded from this study that oil of J. curcas was found more efficacious in
controlling sarcoptic mange in sheep and AA might be beneficial as adjunct in
case of sarcoptic mange to get quick recovery with lesser applications of main
therapy. However, the pharmacology of AA with reference to health of skin needs
to be investigated.
PMID: 15153076 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Effects of sarcoptic mange and its control with oil of Cedrus deodara, Pongamia
glabra, Jatropha curcas and benzyl benzoate, both with and without ascorbic acidÂ
on growing sheep: assessment of weight gain, liver function, nutrient
digestibility, wool production and meat quality. [J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin
Med. 2004] PMID:15153077
Effects of psoroptes ovis infection and its control with an ivermectin
controlled/release capsule on growing sheep. 1. Evaluation of weight gain, feed
consumption and carcass value. [Vet Parasitol. 2000] PMID:10889363
Effects of Psoroptes ovis infection and its control with an ivermectin
controlled/release capsule on growing sheep. 2. Evaluation of wool production and
leather value. [Vet Parasitol. 2000] PMID:10889364
Efficacy of moxidectin against sarcoptic mange and effects on milk yield of ewesÂ
and growth of lambs. [Vet Parasitol. 2000] PMID:10622612
Efficacy of injectable moxidectin against mixed (Psoroptes ovis and Sarcoptes
scabiei var. ovis) mange infestation in sheep. [Vet Parasitol. 1995] PMID:7754610
15: J Appl Toxicol. 2003 Jan/Feb;23(1):19/22.
Effect of single and binary combinations of plant/derived molluscicides on
different enzyme activities in the nervous tissue of Achatina fulica.
Rao IG, Singh A, Singh VK, Singh DK.
Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India.
Effect of single and binary treatments of plant/derived molluscicides on
different enzymes//acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and
acid/alkaline phosphatase (ACP/ALP)//in the nervous tissue of the harmful
terrestrial snail Achatina fulica were studied. Sublethal in vivo 24/h exposure
to 40% and 80% LC(50) of Azadirachta indica oil, Cedrus deodara oil, Allium
sativum bulb powder, Nerium indicum bark powder and binary combinations of A.
sativum (AS) + C. deodara (CD) and CD + A. indica (AI) oils significantly altered
the activity of these enzymes in the nervous tissue of Achatina fulica. The
binary treatment of AS + CD was more effective against AChE, LDH, and ALP than
the single ones. However, binary treatment of AI + CD was more effective againstÂ
ALP. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PMID: 12518332 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Effect of single and binary combinations of plant/derived molluscicides on
reproduction and survival of the snail Achatina fulica. [Arch Environ Contam
Toxicol. 2000] PMID:11031309
Toxic effect of single and binary treatments of synthetic and plant/derived
molluscicides against Achatina fulica. [J Appl Toxicol. 2002] PMID:12015802
Enzyme inhibition by the molluscicidal agent Punica granatum Linn. bark and Canna
indica Linn. root. [Phytother Res. 2004] PMID:15305305
Molluscicidal activity of Lawsonia inermis and its binary and tertiary
combinations with other plant derived molluscicides. [Indian J Exp Biol. 2001]
PMID:11495286
Combinations of Azadirachta indica and Cedrus deodara oil with piperonyl
butoxide, MGK/264 and Embelia ribes against Lymnaea acuminata. [Chemosphere.
2001] PMID:11534900
16: Ann Bot (Lond). 2002 May;89(5):587/93.
Pollen production, microsporangium dehiscence and pollen flow in Himalayan cedarÂ
(Cedrus deodara Roxb. ex d. Don).
Khanduri VP, Sharma CM.
Department of Forestry, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India.
Microsporangium dehiscence, pollen production and dispersal were studied in
Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara) during 1998 and 1999. Microsporangium dehiscence
showed diurnal periodicity and was found to be related to air temperature and
relative air humidity, with a strobilus taking 2 d to dehisce completely in
warmer conditions and 3 d in cooler ones. The frequency of flowering in C.
deodara was highly variable during the two successive years; however, cyclical
production of pollen grains was observed in 50% of the trees. The maximum
concentration of pollen grains in the air was found between 1200 and 1600 h, andÂ
this period was also noted to be the best time for pollination. Studying
migration of pollen grains from isolated single trees in three directions showedÂ
that migration was not uniform in all directions. Long/distance transport of
pollen grains was observed in the downhill direction. However, in the uphill andÂ
horizontal directions grains could travel only up to 97.5 and l95.1 m,
respectively, and the frequency of pollen grains to the source frequency at these
distances was only 1.9 and 2/5%, respectively. The results suggest that an
isolation barrier of 190 m may be considered as a minimum for the management of
deodar seed orchards.
PMID: 12099533 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Clinico/immunologic evaluation of allergy to Himalayan tree pollen in atopic
subjects in India//a new record. [Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2005]
PMID:16252835
Betula and Populus pollen counts and meteorological conditions in Szczecin,
Poland. [Ann Agric Environ Med. 2002] PMID:12088400
[Prediction of Japanese cedar pollen emission in a snowy area//surveillance in
Hirosaki City] [Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho. 2003] PMID:12692954
Wettable and unsinkable: the hydrodynamics of saccate pollen grains in relation
to the pollination mechanism in the two New Zealand species of Prumnopitys Phil.Â
(Podocarpaceae). [Ann Bot (Lond). 2002] PMID:12099344
[Relationship of pollen counts of Japanese cedar to weather factors in Isehara
City, Kanagawa] [Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho. 1997] PMID:9103845
17: J Appl Toxicol. 2002 May/Jun;22(3):211/5.
Toxic effect of single and binary treatments of synthetic and plant/derived
molluscicides against Achatina fulica.
Rao IG, Singh DK.
Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, U.P. India.
The toxic effect of single and binary treatments of synthetic and plant/derived
molluscicides was studied against the harmful terrestrial snail Achatina fulica.Â
In single treatments, among the synthetic molluscicides Snail Kill and
cypermethrin were potent, whereas Cedrus deodara oil was more toxic among
molluscicides of plant origin against A. fulica. In binary treatments, a
combination of Cedrusdeodara + Alliumsativum was more toxic. The toxicities of
these single and binary treatments of synthetic and plant/derived molluscicides
were dose and time dependent. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PMID: 12015802 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Effect of single and binary combinations of plant/derived molluscicides on
different enzyme activities in the nervous tissue of Achatina fulica. [J Appl
Toxicol. 2003] PMID:12518332
Effect of single and binary combinations of plant/derived molluscicides on
reproduction and survival of the snail Achatina fulica. [Arch Environ Contam
Toxicol. 2000] PMID:11031309
Combinations of Azadirachta indica and Cedrus deodara oil with piperonyl
butoxide, MGK/264 and Embelia ribes against Lymnaea acuminata. [Chemosphere.
2001] PMID:11534900
Molluscicidal activity of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss). [J Ethnopharmacol.
1996] PMID:8733117
Effect of herbal molluscicides and their combinations on the reproduction of theÂ
snail Lymnaea acuminata. [Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2004] PMID:15253044
18: Indian J Pediatr. 2002 Mar;69(3):245/50.
Common environmental allergens causing respiratory allergy in India.
Singh AB, Kumar P.
Aerobiology and Allergy Laboratory, Centre for Biochemical Technology (CSIR),
Delhi University Campus. singha49@hotmail.com
Respiratory allergy affects all age groups but the children are the worst
affected by the respiratory allergy. Bioparticles from different biological
sources are the main cause of allergy. Pollen grains, fungal spores, insect and
other materials of biological origin form the most important allergen load in the
air. For the efficient diagnosis of the allergy and its effective treatment it is
very important to know about the prevalence, seasonal and annual variations of
aeroallergens of the area. India being the climatically diversed country, there
is diversity in the flora and fauna of different parts of the country.
Atmospheric surveys carried out in different parts of India reveal that, Alanus
nitida, Amarantus spinosus, Argemone mexicana Cocos nucifera, Betula utilis,
Borasus flabellifer, Caraica papaya, Cedrus deodara, Cassia fistula, Parthenium,Â
Chenopodium album, Dodonaea viscosa, Malotus phillipensis, Plantago ovata,
Prosopis juliflora, Ricinus communis, Holoptelea intergifolia are the
allergenically important pollens of the country. Among the fungal aeroallergens,Â
Alternaria, Candida aibieans, Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus terreus,
Aspergillus japonicus, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Fusarium roseum, Ganoderma
lucidum,Neurospora sitophila Helminthosporium, Ustilago trtici, Uromyses are
important allergens. Dust mites D. farinae, D.pteronyssinus are also important
source of inhalant allergens particularly in the coastal areas of the country.
Cockroaches, beetles, weevils, mosquitoes, house flies also contribute towards
the aeroallergen load and are allergenically implicated. Avoidance of the indoorÂ
and outdoor aeroallergens is recommended for better management of respiratory
allergy.
PMID: 12003301 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Aeroallergens in clinical practice of allergy in India. An overview. [Ann Agric
Environ Med. 2003] PMID:14677902
Aeroallergens in clinical practice of allergy in India/ ARIA Asia Pacific
Workshop report. [Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2008] PMID:19317344
[Allergens causing respiratory allergy: the aeroallergens] [Arch Pediatr. 1999]
PMID:10191924
Allergy to house dust mites and asthma. [P R Health Sci J. 2004] PMID:15125219
The pattern of indoor and outdoor respiratory allergens in asthmatic adult
patients in a humid and desert newly developed country. [Eur Ann Allergy Clin
Immunol. 2003] PMID:14653049
19: J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Oct;49(10):4642/5.
Free radical scavenging active components from Cedrus deodara.
Tiwari AK, Srinivas PV, Kumar SP, Rao JM.
Division of Pharmacology and Natural Product Laboratory and Division of Organic
Chemistry/I, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
An activity/directed fractionation and purification process was used to identifyÂ
the antioxidant components of Cedrus deodara. Dried heartwood powder of C.
deodara was first defatted with petroleum ether and then extracted with
chloroform. The chloroform extract showed strong antioxidant activity on
1,1/diphenyl/2/picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. This fraction was then
subjected to separation and purification using silica gel column chromatography.Â
Three compounds with potent antioxidant activity were isolated in significant
yields and identified by spectroscopic methods ((1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, IR, and MS).
They were identified as (/)/matairesinol, (/)/nortrachelogenin, and a
dibenzylbutyrolactollignan (4,4',9/trihydroxy/3,3'/dimethoxy/9,9'/epoxylignan).
This is the first report of the occurrence of these compounds in C. deodara.
PMID: 11600001 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
2,2/Diphenyl/1/picrylhydrazyl radical/scavenging active components from Polygonum
multiflorum thunb. [J Agric Food Chem. 1999] PMID:10794614
2,2'/Diphenyl/1/picrylhydrazyl radical/scavenging active components from adlay
(Coix lachryma/jobi L. var. ma/yuen Stapf) hulls. [J Agric Food Chem. 2002]
PMID:12358449
Isolation and characterization of antioxidant phenolic compounds from the aerialÂ
parts of Hypericum hyssopifolium L. by activity/guided fractionation. [J
Ethnopharmacol. 2003] PMID:12787957
Antioxidant activity of phenylpropanoid esters isolated and identified from
Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC. [Phytochemistry. 2004] PMID:15504438
Nitric oxide radical scavenging active components from Phyllanthus emblica L.
[Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2006] PMID:16688481
20: Chemosphere. 2001 Sep;44(8):1691/5.
Combinations of Azadirachta indica and Cedrus deodara oil with piperonyl
butoxide, MGK/264 and Embelia ribes against Lymnaea acuminata.
Rao IG, Singh DK.
Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, UP, India.
The binary and tertiary combinations of plant/derived molluscicides Azadirachta
indica and Cedrus deodara oil with synergists MGK/264, piperonyl butoxide (PB)
and fruit powder of Embelia ribes were used against the Lymnaea acuminata. It was
observed that the toxic effects of these mixtures were time/ and dose/dependent.Â
The binary and tertiary mixtures of plant/derived molluscicides with synergists
were more toxic with respect to the single treatment of the plant/derived
molluscicides. Maximum synergistic action in binary and tertiary combinations was
found in A. indica + C. deodara oil and A. indica+ PB + C. deodara in 1:7 and
1:5:7 ratio, respectively.
PMID: 11534900 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Molluscicidal activity of Lawsonia inermis and its binary and tertiary
combinations with other plant derived molluscicides. [Indian J Exp Biol. 2001]
PMID:11495286
Effect of herbal molluscicides and their combinations on the reproduction of theÂ
snail Lymnaea acuminata. [Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2004] PMID:15253044
Effect of different combinations of MGK/264 or piperonyl butoxide with
plant/derived molluscicides on snail reproduction. [Arch Environ Contam Toxicol.Â
2000] PMID:10629280
Effect of single and binary combinations of plant/derived molluscicides on
different enzyme activities in the nervous tissue of Achatina fulica. [J Appl
Toxicol. 2003] PMID:12518332
Molluscicidal activity of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss). [J Ethnopharmacol.
1996] PMID:8733117
21: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 Mar;39(3):263/8.
Molluscicidal activity of Lawsonia inermis and its binary and tertiary
combinations with other plant derived molluscicides.
Singh A, Singh DK.
Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, India.
Molluscicidal activity of leaf, bark and seed of Lawsonia inermis against Lymnaea
acuminata and Indoplanorbis exustus was studied. Highest toxicity was observed in
the seed of Lawsonia inermis. Toxicity of binary (1:1) and tertiary (1:1:1)
combinations of the essential oil of cedar (Cedrus deodara Roxh) and neem
(Azadirachta indica A. Juss), powder from bulb of garlic (Allium sativum Linn),
and oleoresin extracted from rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) with
Lawsonia inermis and Embelia ribes fruit powder were studied against L. acuminata
and I. exustus. L. inermis seed powder in combination with Cedrus deodara oil and
Azadirachta indica oil was more toxic than their individual components and otherÂ
combinations.
PMID: 11495286 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Molluscicidal activity of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss). [J Ethnopharmacol.
1996] PMID:8733117
Effect of herbal molluscicides and their combinations on the reproduction of theÂ
snail Lymnaea acuminata. [Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2004] PMID:15253044
Combinations of Azadirachta indica and Cedrus deodara oil with piperonyl
butoxide, MGK/264 and Embelia ribes against Lymnaea acuminata. [Chemosphere.
2001] PMID:11534900
Effect of single and binary combinations of plant/derived molluscicides on
different enzyme activities in the nervous tissue of Achatina fulica. [J Appl
Toxicol. 2003] PMID:12518332
Effect of different combinations of MGK/264 or piperonyl butoxide with
plant/derived molluscicides on snail reproduction. [Arch Environ Contam Toxicol.Â
2000] PMID:10629280
22: Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2000 Nov;39(4):486/93.
Effect of single and binary combinations of plant/derived molluscicides on
reproduction and survival of the snail Achatina fulica.
Rao IG, Singh DK.
Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur (U.P.) 273 009, India.
The effects of sublethal treatments (20% and 60% of LC(50)/24 h) with
plant/derived molluscicides on the reproduction of the giant African snail
Achatina fulica were studied. Azadirachta indica oil, Cedrus deodara oil, AlliumÂ
sativum bulb powder, and Nerium indicum bark powder singly and binary
combinations on reproduction and survival of A. fulica were investigated.
Repeated treatment occurred on day 0, day 15, and day 30. These plant/derived
molluscicides significantly reduced fecundity, egg viability, and survival of A.Â
fulica within 15 days. Discontinuation of the treatments after day 30 did not
lead to a recovery trend in the next 30 days. Day 0 sublethal treatment of all
the molluscicides caused a maximum reduction in protein, amino acid, DNA, RNA,
and phospholipid levels and simultaneous increase in lipid peroxidation in the
ovotestis of treated A. fulica. It is believed that sublethal exposure of these
molluscicides on snail reproduction is a complex process, involving more than one
factor in reducing the reproductive capacity of A. fulica.
PMID: 11031309 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Effect of herbal molluscicides and their combinations on the reproduction of theÂ
snail Lymnaea acuminata. [Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2004] PMID:15253044
Effect of single and binary combinations of plant/derived molluscicides on
different enzyme activities in the nervous tissue of Achatina fulica. [J Appl
Toxicol. 2003] PMID:12518332
Toxic effect of single and binary treatments of synthetic and plant/derived
molluscicides against Achatina fulica. [J Appl Toxicol. 2002] PMID:12015802
Effect of different combinations of MGK/264 or piperonyl butoxide with
plant/derived molluscicides on snail reproduction. [Arch Environ Contam Toxicol.Â
2000] PMID:10629280
Effect of binary combination of some plant/derived molluscicides with MGK/264 orÂ
piperonyl butoxide on the reproduction of the snail Lymnaea acuminata. [Pest
Manag Sci. 2005] PMID:15619718
23: Allergy. 2000 Jul;55(7):620/6.
Clinical and immunologic evaluation of Cedrus deodara pollen: a new allergen from
India.
Rawat A, Singh A, Singh AB, Gaur SN, Kumar L, Roy I, Ravindrun P.
Aerobiology and Allergy Laboratory, Centre for Biochemical Technology, Delhi,
India.
BACKGROUND: Allergy to pollen from gymnosperms is well documented in the West.
However, many allergenic species are native to the Himalayan region of India, and
Cedrus deodara (Pinaceae) was selected for allergologic investigation. The
objective was to define the allergologic and immunochemical aspects of C. deodara
pollen. METHODS: Pollen antigen from C. deodara (CD) was prepared and
characterized by biochemical and biologic assays. Specific IgE binding was
determined by means of ELISA and immunoblotting. RESULTS: CD pollen antigen
caused marked skin sensitivity in 7.5% of an atopic population. A significantly
elevated level of CD/specific IgE antibodies was observed in 65.8% of the
skin/positive patients. Immunoblotting showed protein fractions of 37, 44, 58,
and 78 kDa with 100% binding with the patients' sera suspected to be due to
carbohydrate moieties. CONCLUSIONS: Patients from the Himalayan region, where CDÂ
occurs naturally, were sensitized more than patients from distant places. The
immunochemical characterization revealed multiple protein fractions from low to
very high molecular mass (14/126 kDa) mostly in the acidic pI range. CD pollen
has been recognized as a new allergen from India for the first time. The role ofÂ
pollen as a causative agent of respiratory allergic disorders is very well
established, as is evident from the recent increase of reports from across the
world (1/4). India is blessed with the richest flora on the earth, from alpine
tundra to Rajasthan desert. Consequently, it provides considerable variation in
the quality and quantity of airborne pollen in different ecogeographic regions of
the country (5/8). Although studies on the allergenic properties of airborne
pollen from various species have been carried out by several workers in India
(9/12), information on allergy to aerial pollen from Himalayan tree species has
been completely
PMID: 10921460 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Clinico/immunologic evaluation of allergy to Himalayan tree pollen in atopic
subjects in India//a new record. [Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2005]
PMID:16252835
Assessment of allergenicity to Mallotus phillipensis pollen in atopic patients in
India: a new allergen. [J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2004] PMID:15552713
Immunochemical characterization of Russian thistle (Salsola kali) pollen
extracts. Purification of the allergen Sal k 1. [Allergy. 2003] PMID:14616126
Date palm pollen allergoid: characterization of its chemical/physical and
immunological properties. [Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008] PMID:17914274
Aerobiological and immunochemical studies on Carica papaya L. pollen: an
aeroallergen from India. [Allergy. 2005] PMID:15932383
24: Indian J Exp Biol. 1999 Mar;37(3):258/61.
Mast cell stabilizing and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of Cedrus deodara
(Roxb.) Loud. wood oil.
Shinde UA, Kulkarni KR, Phadke AS, Nair AM, Mungantiwar AA, Dikshit VJ, Saraf MN.
Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, India.
Volatile oil of C. deodara, administered orally at the doses of 50, 100 and 200
mg/kg body weight, significantly inhibited the pedal edema induced by compound
48/80 in rats. The oil significantly inhibited compound 48/80 induced
degranulation of isolated rat peritoneal mast cells at concentrations ranging
from 25/200 micrograms/ml. C. deodara wood oil also significantly inhibited the
enzyme lipoxygenase at a concentration of 200 micrograms/ml. Thus, the
anti/inflammatory activity of C. deodara wood oil could be attributed to its mast
cell stabilizing activity and the inhibition of leukotriene synthesis.
PMID: 10641156 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Dietary modulation of fatty acid composition of mast cell phospholipids does notÂ
affect histamine release induced by compound 48/80. [Inflamm Res. 1997]
PMID:9197989
Studies on the anti/inflammatory and analgesic activity of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.)
Loud. wood oil. [J Ethnopharmacol. 1999] PMID:10350366
Mast cell involvement in the rat paw oedema response to 1,8/cineole, the main
constituent of eucalyptus and rosemary oils. [Eur J Pharmacol. 1997] PMID:9274987
Inhibition of carrageenin/induced rat paw oedema by crotapotin, a polypeptide
complexed with phospholipase A2. [Br J Pharmacol. 1995] PMID:7537590
N/(2/hydroxyethyl)hexadecanamide is orally active in reducing edema formation and
inflammatory hyperalgesia by down/modulating mast cell activation. [Eur J
Pharmacol. 1996] PMID:8739213
25: Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Oct;107(10):783/9.
Ancient/modern concordance in Ayurvedic plants: some examples.
Dev S.
University of Delhi, B.R.A. Centre for Biomedical Research, Delhi, India.
ssda@ndf.vsnl.net.in
Ayurveda is the ancient (before 2500 b.c.) Indian system of health care and
longevity. It involves a holistic view of man, his health, and illness. Ayurvedic
treatment of a disease consists of salubrious use of drugs, diets, and certain
practices. Medicinal preparations are invariably complex mixtures, based mostly
on plant products. Around 1,250 plants are currently used in various Ayurvedic
preparations. Many Indian medicinal plants have come under scientific scrutiny
since the middle of the nineteenth century, although in a sporadic fashion. The
first significant contribution from Ayurvedic materia medica came with the
isolation of the hypertensive alkaloid from the sarpagandha plant (Rouwolfia
serpentina), valued in Ayurveda for the treatment of hypertension, insomnia, andÂ
insanity. This was the first important ancient/modern concordance in Ayurvedic
plants. With the gradual coming of age of chemistry and biology, disciplines
central to the study of biologic activities of natural products, many Ayurvedic
plants have been reinvestigated. Our work on Commiphora wightti gum/resin, valued
in Ayurveda for correcting lipid disorders, has been described in some detail;
based on these investigations, a modern antihyperlipoproteinemic drug is on the
market in India and some other countries. There has also been concordance for a
few other Ayurvedic crude drugs such as Asparagus racemosus, Cedrus deodara, andÂ
Psoralea corylifolia.
PMCID: PMC1566595
PMID: 10504143 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Basic principles of pharmaceutical science in Ayurvĕda. [Bull Indian Inst Hist
Med Hyderabad. 2005] PMID:17333665
Integrated approaches towards drug development from Ayurveda and other Indian
system of medicines. [J Ethnopharmacol. 2006] PMID:16271286
Asparagus racemosus//ethnopharmacological evaluation and conservation needs. [J
Ethnopharmacol. 2007] PMID:17240097
Antioxidant approach to disease management and the role of 'Rasayana' herbs of
Ayurveda. [J Ethnopharmacol. 2005] PMID:15894123
Plants used in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine for improvement of memoryÂ
and cognitive function. [Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003] PMID:12895669
26: J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Apr;65(1):21/7.
Studies on the anti/inflammatory and analgesic activity of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.)
Loud. wood oil.
Shinde UA, Phadke AS, Nair AM, Mungantiwar AA, Dikshit VJ, Saraf MN.
Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, India.
The volatile oil extracted by steam distillation of the wood of Cedrus deodara
was examined for its oral anti/inflammatory and analgesic activity at the doses
of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. It produced significant inhibition of
carrageenan/induced rat paw edema and of both exudative/proliferative and chronic
phases of inflammation in adjuvant arthritic rats at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg
body weight. The oil at both tested doses was found to possess analgesic activity
against acetic acid/induced writhing and hot plate reaction in mice.
PMID: 10350366 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Analgesic and anti/inflammatory activity of a crude root extract of Pfaffia
glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen. [J Ethnopharmacol. 2005] PMID:15588654
Anti/inflammatory activity of the bark of Hippocratea excelsa. [J Ethnopharmacol.
1995] PMID:7500640
Antiinflammatory and analgesic effects of Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) leafÂ
aqueous extract in rats and mice. [Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2006]
PMID:17003849
Anti/inflammatory and analgesic effects of Hedychium coronarium Koen. [Pak J
Pharm Sci. 2007] PMID:17337428
Analgesic and anti/inflammatory activities of Torenia concolor Lindley var.
formosana Yamazaki and betulin in mice. [Am J Chin Med. 2009] PMID:19222115
27: Indian J Exp Biol. 1997 Jul;35(7):727/34.
Comparative in vitro and in vivo evaluation of himachalol in murine invasive
aspergillosis.
Chowdhry L, Khan ZK, Kulshrestha DK.
Division of Medical Mycology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
Aspergilli are increasingly important infections in immunocompromised patients
(ICP). The available antifungals often cause discrepancies in laboratory
determination of MICs and a correlation in therapy. An effort was made to compare
in vitro techniques for testing of antifungals, viz. polyenes, imidazoles,
5/fluorocytosine, amorolfine; and screened a phytoproduct/ himachalol (a
sesquiterpene alcohol) from Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud against A. fumigatus
clinical isolates (24) by macrobroth two/fold seal dilution (TFSD), microbroth
microtitre (MT) and disc diffusion (DD) techniques using various broth/agar media
at varying periods of incubation. The best activity in terms of geometric mean
(GM) (GM.MIC < 0.39 microgrmas ml/1) was obtained with SCZ in the broth by both
MT or TFSD technique followed by ECZ (GM.MIC 0.39 micrograms ml/1) and ITZ
(GM.MIC 0.39/0.8 micrograms ml/1) in RPMI/1640. Overall RPMI/1640 was found to be
the most suitable growth medium for testing of azoles or amorolfine, and YNB forÂ
polyene and 5/FC. MT technique was the most sensitive quantitative, reproducible,
rapid and economical compared to other techniques. The treatment of Swiss mice
with himachalol (200 mg kg/1, po) once a day, for 7 days, provided 60% protection
concomitantly with increased MST (15 days) against invasive aspergillosis. A
combination of himachalol (200 mgkg/1) plus SCZ (5 mgkg/1) showed better regimenÂ
in the therapy evidenced by enhanced survival (80%) of mice significantly (p <
0.001) with prolonged MST (> 15 days) compared to control. The treatments also
reduced cfu (mean log10) burden of A. fumigatus from kidney.
PMID: 9418375 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Evaluation of himachalol in murine invasive aspergillosis. [Mycoses. 1996]
PMID:9145002
Correlation between in/vitro susceptibility testing to itraconazole and in/vivo
outcome of Aspergillus fumigatus infection. [J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997]
PMID:9338494
A comparative study of the broth micro/ and macro/dilution techniques for the
determination of the in vitro susceptibility of Aspergillus fumigatus. [Can J
Microbiol. 1996] PMID:8864219
In/vivo itraconazole resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus in systemic murine
aspergillosis. EBGA Network. European research group on Biotypes and Genotypes of
Aspergillus fumigatus. [J Med Microbiol. 1999] PMID:10591162
In vitro susceptibilities of Aspergillus species to voriconazole, itraconazole,
and amphotericin B. [Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999] PMID:9990469
28: Planta Med. 1981 Sep;43(9):82/5.
Dihydroflavanonols from Cedrus deodara, A 13C NMR Study1.
Agrawal PK, Agarwal SK, Rastogi RP, Osterdahal BG.
Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
High resolution (13)C NMR study of taxifolin, cedeodarin, cedrin and their methyl
ethers allowed unambiguous placement of the Me in 5,7/dihydroxyflavanonol
nucleus, besides providing other valuable information on the substitution pattern
in the molecule.
PMID: 17402014 [PubMed / in process]
Related Links
Phylogeny and biogeography of Cedrus (Pinaceae) inferred from sequences of sevenÂ
paternal chloroplast and maternal mitochondrial DNA regions. [Ann Bot (Lond).
2007] PMID:17611189
Chemically standardized isolates from Cedrus deodara stem wood having anticancerÂ
activity. [Planta Med. 2007] PMID:17534788
[A study on the NMR spectrum of methyl/ofloxacin] [Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen
Xi. 2008] PMID:18800740
Simultaneous high/performance liquid chromatographic determination of Cedrus
deodara active constituents and their pharmacokinetic profile in mice. [J
Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008] PMID:18191624
Determination of methyl 13C/15N dipolar couplings in peptides and proteins by
three/dimensional and four/dimensional magic/angle spinning solid/state NMR
spectroscopy. [J Chem Phys. 2008] PMID:18266431
29: Indian Vet J. 1978 Dec;55(12):963/5.
Vascular permeability/increasing action of Cedrus deodara wood oil.
Chandra S, Sambasivarao K, Raviprakash V, Lal J, Sabir M.
PMID: 751973 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
Related Links
Mast cell stabilizing and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of Cedrus deodara
(Roxb.) Loud. wood oil. [Indian J Exp Biol. 1999] PMID:10641156
Phytochemical analysis and in vitro evaluation of the biological activity against
herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV/1) of Cedrus libani A. Rich. [Phytomedicine.
2008] PMID:17482448
Studies on the anti/inflammatory and analgesic activity of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.)
Loud. wood oil. [J Ethnopharmacol. 1999] PMID:10350366
Chemically standardized isolates from Cedrus deodara stem wood having anticancerÂ
activity. [Planta Med. 2007] PMID:17534788
Combinations of Azadirachta indica and Cedrus deodara oil with piperonyl
butoxide, MGK/264 and Embelia ribes against Lymnaea acuminata. [Chemosphere.
2001] PMID:11534900
30: J Pharm Sci. 1975 Feb;64(2):258/262.
Spasmolytic constituents of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud: pharmacological
evaluation of himachalol.
Kar K, Puri VN, Patnaik GK, Sur RN, Dhawan BN, Kulshrestha DK, Rastogi RP.
Himachalol has been identified as the major antispasmodic constituent in the wood
of Cedrus deodara. The pharmacological studies of himachalol on various isolatedÂ
smooth muscles (guinea pig ileum, rabbit jejunum, rat uterus, and guinea pig
seminal vesicle) and against different agonists (acetylcholine, histamine,
serotonin, nicotine, and barium chloride) indicated spasmolytic activity similarÂ
to that of papaverine. It was a more potent antagonist of barium chloride/induced
spasm of guinea pig ileum than papaverine but less effective in reverting a
similar spasm of rabbit jejunum and had no relaxing effect alone. In the
conscious immobilized cat, intragastric administration of himachalol or
papaverine (100 mg/kg) produced equal inhibition of carbachol/induced spasm of
the intestine, lasting about 2 hr, but himachalol had a faster onset of action.
Himachalol was devoid of spasmolytic effect on the bronchial musculature of
guinea pig but was 3.3 times more potent than papaverine in antagonizing
epinephrine/induced contraction of the guinea pig seminal vesicle. Intravenous
injection of himachalol (3/10 mg/kg) in the cat produced a dose/dependent fall in
blood pressure and an increased femoral blood flow.
PMID: 47907 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
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Pharmacological activities of khellactones, compounds isolated from Peucedanum
japonicum THUNB. and Peucedanum praeruptorium DUNN. [Methods Find Exp Clin
Pharmacol. 1998] PMID:9658385
Antispasmodic and bronchodilator activities of St John's wort are putatively
mediated through dual inhibition of calcium influx and phosphodiesterase. [Fundam
Clin Pharmacol. 2005] PMID:16313282
Evaluation of spasmolytic activity of clausmarin/A. a novel coumarin from
Clausena pentaphylla (Roxb.) DC. [J Ethnopharmacol. 1982] PMID:7132400
[Pharmacological studies of 4/ethoxy/2/methyl/5/morpholino/3(2H)/pyridazinone
(M73101). (3). General pharmacological actions (author's transl)] [Nippon
Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1979] PMID:317064
5,5/diphenyl/2/(2'/piperidinoethyl)/1,3/dioxolane/4/one a new drug with potent
spasmolytic activity. [Pharmacology. 1970] PMID:5440391
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